The English Wars were a series of conflicts pitting the United Kingdom and Sweden against Denmark-Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars. It is named after England, the common name in Scandinavia for the United Kingdom, which declared war on Denmark-Norway due to disagreements over the neutrality of Danish trade and to prevent the Danish fleet falling into the hands of the First French Empire. It began with the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and its latter stage from 1807 onwards was followed by the Gunboat War, the Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09 and the Swedish invasion of Holstein in 1814.
Fighting between the insurgents of Saint-Domingue and the French troops sent by Napoleon Bonaparte (1802-1803). Engraving by Jean-Jacques Frilley, after Auguste Raffet, 19th century.
Frans II, Duits keizer, noodmunt geslagen ten tijde van de Napoleontische oorlogen, NG-VG-4-516
Noodmunt van een halve kreuzer van Frans II, Duits keizer, noodmunt geslagen ten tijde van de Napoleontische oorlogen, NG-VG-4-517